NURSING RESEARCH LITERATURE ( REPORT) Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NURSING LITERATURE ( REPORT) - Research Paper Example The individuals who fulfilled above rules were incorporated; others were avoided. The incorporation rules with cofacilitators concentrated on the decent variety in their age and on their involvement in SBSGs. Likewise on the individuals who were eager about gathering and the individuals who had reservations. Information immersion was arrived at when no new data was gotten. 2. What kind of testing configuration is this? Is the testing structure a likelihood or non-likelihood procedure? This is a non-likelihood inspecting structure. This was an accommodation test in that it was promptly accessible. There was little control/limit over members beside guaranteeing that they spoke to/incorporated certain models. 3. What was the example size? Is this size sufficient for the sort of study (subjective or quantitative)? What was the setting for the investigation? This was a subjective report, which, for the most part, can have a littler example than a quantitative report. It, by and large, attempts to accumulate an adequate number so as to accomplish wealth and profundity. Its example size here was 21 members (7 guys and 14 females). Adequate for this sort of study. The setting was two distinctive secondary schools in a Midwest rural region that highlighted understudies from center and lower financial foundations. executives, school directors, bunch cofacilitators, and members (2) Participant perceptions that were led week after week at two secondary schools in the school region more than one semester. (3) A center gathering assessment that was led at the decision of a care group held at one of the two secondary schools. (4) Written assessments that were gotten at the last gathering meeting at the two locales. The procedure: Initial meetings spoke to appropriate structures and reports being overviewed (for example, the program manual, a lot of minutes from a school counselor’s meeting, and gathering assessments from one advocate.) Participants were watched for 4 hours. Perceptions included 5

Luther Gulick Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Luther Gulick Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; One of the most particular characters to go forward an engraving upon YMCA physical guidance was Luther Gulick # 8221 ; ( Johnson, 1979, 55 ) . Gulick, whose guardians were teachers, was conceived in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1865. For 15 mature ages he voyaged widely on account of his experience as a child of ministers. At last, in 1880, he had the option to decelerate his movements also, travel to Oberlin College until 1884. While at Oberlin, he experienced concerns brought about by hapless eyesight.Also during his stay at Oberlin, he lives with another exceptional physical instructor, Thomas Wood who in this way become well known at Stanford and Columbia and experienced Dr. Delphine Hanna, who was a taking trailblazer in grown-up females # 8217 ; s physical guidance. In the pre-winter of 1885, Gulick entered an in the middle of preliminary class, however adjacent to took some school classifications to encourage his guidance. Not long after his stay at Oberlin, he went to Sargent School of Physical Training in Cambridge, Massachusetts for a time of a half year. We will compose a custom exposition test on Luther Gulick Essay Research Paper or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In April of 1886, he turned into the physical director of the YMCA in Jackson, Michigan, however consequently surrendered to come in the Medical School of New York University. Gulick figured out how to indict his clinical planning design furthermore execute his duties as an educator at the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. In October 1887 Gulick was utilized by the International Board of trustees on low maintenance balance to work as the universal secretary for physical work. He held this spot for 13 mature ages. At last in March of 1889, he finished his clinical plan. In a similar twelvemonth, he was named the administrator of the Springfield YMCA. In May 1891 a paper read before the secretariat at a show in Kansas City, plainly expressed the work that physical guidance could play inside the model of perceived philosophical process. Gulick stated, # 8220 ; Our physical guidance ought to be all around ; have notice to strict and mental becoming ; be educative and dynamic ; give every grown-up male what he independently requests and be fascinating. Our run of the mill strategies are the pioneers # 8217 ; corps, the creating classification, and the connection of the physical to different segments of our work. # 8221 ; ( Johnson, 1979, 56 ) . In this equivalent twelvemonth, Gulick set up a correspondence class for physical chiefs. Gulick was impacted by Dr. G. Stanley Hall, a taking analyst of his clasp and of Johns Hopkins University, to the standards of honesty and balance. In Gulick # 8217 ; s endeavors to look for these standards, he attempted to achieve concordance, request, and parity in the components of life. For the first clasp in quite a while calling, he showed a class in the mental science of dramatization for athleticss mental science in 1899. While utilized at Springfield, his contemplations of physical guidance were originative, dynamic, and test in its assault. Gulick was ever snappy in making things and ever hurrying about demonstrating new musings and hypotheses and procuring free of those that he discovered invalid. He accepted that the aims of physical guidance were to be better off through the use of competitory athleticss on the other hand of lifting weights. In 1903, he turned into the director of physical guidance in Greater New York. During this clasp he was instumental in the readiness of a convention of physical guidance. Towards the terminal of his calling, he was a consultant to the Spalding Brothers Company, who made hoopss, a president of the War Work Council of the International Committee of the YMCA, and filled in as president for both the American Physical Education Association and the Public School Physical Training Society. In August of 1918 at summer cantonment in South Casco, Maine, Luther Halsey Gulick passed on. His poorly coordinated perish cut off the calling of one of America # 8217 ; s most unique educators and cultural laborers at a basic point in his calling. Reference index 1. Gulick, Luther H. ( 1920 ) . A Doctrine of Play. Charles Scribner # 8217 ; s Sons. 2. Johnson, Elmer L. ( 1979 ) . The History of YMCA Physical Education. Follet Publishing.

HSC Essay Tips - How to Find Essay Sample Submissions

HSC Essay Tips - How to Find Essay Sample SubmissionsThere are many different essay samples that you can choose from. There are no rules that dictate what you should write about, but you do need to be aware of the major points of a high school or college essay. This will help you write a successful one.The first thing that you need to do is narrow down your topic on a specific subject. After that, you need to know what kind of questions you need to ask, and the overall theme. If you have no idea where to start, the best thing to do is look for an essay sample that discuss specific topics related to your high school or college topic.If you are writing a generic, even though it is focused on an elementary school or college topic, then it won't be as successful as one that is focused on the topic in an introductory course. You need to know what kind of topics you should study before you get started on writing. You also need to find the subjects that are more difficult to understand, and those that are not easy to understand.You should also consider what kinds of ideas you want to write about. Do you want to write a short essay about music, or are you planning to write about chemistry? You want to know if the essay sample that you choose will be the most informative and the one that you feel is relevant to the topic.One thing that many people don't realize when looking for essay samples is that they may be able to get a lot of information about the topic they are writing about from the textbook. Check out the volume of information and the tone of the essays before you start. Since most people will base their grades on what they write, you want to be sure that you can follow the text and that you can understand it.When looking for essay samples, there are many things that you should take into consideration. You want to choose an essay sample that you can use to work on, and you want to choose one that can help you find the best essay topics. You also want to find es says that you can use as examples, and you want to find one that you can follow when it comes to getting the right structure and formatting.HSC teachers have helped students to write better essays by helping them to see how to find an essay sample that is relevant to the topic of their essay. The next time you are having a hard time with an essay, you will be able to get the ideas you need from them. It is also a good idea to talk to someone in your class to see if they have any suggestions on how to write better essays.HSC writing tips can help you become a better writer. When you are writing an essay, there are many things that you can do to make it a success. If you know how to find an essay sample, you can also make it easier to write a well-written essay that will help you achieve a good grade.

Ghandi An Exemplary Leader Essay - 931 Words

Ghandi was a man with no official title who led his country to freedom because he stood up for his core beliefs. He saw value in those who needed his help, and was beloved by his followers. Great dignitaries paid homage to Ghandi after his death for the honor he brought to his country. How would you describe Gandhi’s leadership style? Provide specific examples. Ghandi proved himself to be an exceptional leader. The first leadership style theory that relates to Ghandi is the born again leader. A twice born leader is someone who faces adversity or struggles but their resilience allows them to develop their own beliefs and ideas. Ghandi never saw himself as someone who would lead his country. However, when he saw that people needed help,†¦show more content†¦I propose that Gandhis leadership skills were being developed during his time in South Africa. In one of the earlier scenes in the movie, Ghandi is on the train and white men gave him a hard time because he was different. It was that moment, that sparked something within Gandhi. He knew that the way he was being treated was not acceptable. Gandhi had a vision of the end. The end to Gandhi was the successful completion of his goals. He wanted his followers to have freedom. Gandhis dedication to th e cause made him a strong leader. Although, the obstacles and regulations that set him back were difficult. Gandhi continued to guide himself with the vision that the people of his country could live happy without discrimination. What did Gandhi do to build his influence and credibility with followers? Cite a specific scene from both South Africa and India that illustrate his effectiveness. Gandhi build influence and credibility with his followers because he was passionate about the citizens. He cared about equality and had a drive to bring freedom to his country. He had a focus for the people, rather than himself. Gandhi was effective in his leadership because he was daring. While in South Africa, Gandhi kept to his word. He truly believed in what he was fighting for. Gandhi began telling people that the new rules for entering England were not fair. He was a non-violent man, and advised his following to do that as well for their own morality. This was a smartShow MoreRelatedLeadership Ethics : Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi And Jack Welch933 Words   |  4 Pages Team 9 1. Introduction Great leaders throughout human history have emerged from different eras but seem to be at the right place at the right time. Each of their stories has been studied, dissected and exemplified. We agree that there is no single formula for leadership, and it will be best understood from multiple perspectives (Shriberg and Shriberg, 2011). We also accept the fact that every leader leads differently. Our team has chosen three exemplary leaders of all time – Martin Luther KingRead MoreArmy Leader: Characteristics of LDRSHIP Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesThe Armys definition of leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing people by providing purpose, direction and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization.† An army leader is anyone who inspires and influences people to accomplish their goals. Leaders motivate people both inside and outside the army to help them pursue their goals, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the better of the army. Leadership can be acquired by anyone as long as they have theRead Moreâ€Å"the Case for Contamination† by Kwame Anthony Appiah Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis one of the main consequences produced by globalization is the emergence of prominent leaders. Several religions including Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam among others have been instituted due to one individual with great ‘charisma’, which in this case are, Zoroaster, Jesus, Buddha and Muhammad respectively. The famous sociologist Max Weber identified these founders as charismatic leaders that posses distinct characteristics including â€Å"supernatural, superhuman, or at least specificallyRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Leadership Essay2136 Words   |  9 PagesKing’s Leadership Models 5 INFLUENCE IN THE ARTS 6 CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCES 8 INTRODUCTION Only a few of many leaders in history have been known as being great and living by example, as their actions and accomplishments have positively affected their intimate society or even the world. Dr. Martin Luther King in my opinion is one of these few leaders. Martin Luther King’s addition to history has put him in a special position that is not easy to replicate in today’s world. MartinRead MoreLeadership in Innovation4900 Words   |  20 Pagesadvancement and use of electronic devices and other high-tech equipment to produce and progress knowledge into the future. Advancements in technology have affected management leadership in many ways over the last sixty years. New technology has altered leaders consciousness, language, and the way they view their organization. Technological advancements have made things easier for those in management leadership roles. But as with anything, there are positive and negative aspects of technology on leadership

The Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1175 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer who was born in Salem, Massachusetts July fourth 1804. When Hawthorne was a young man he served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. That job introduced him into the world of writing and at that point he decided what he wanted to do until the day he died. â€Å"I do not want to be a doctor and live by men’s diseases, nor a minister to live by their sins, nor a lawyer and live by their quarrels. So, I don’t see that there is anything left for me to be but an author.† Hawthorne was found too dense, too gloomy, and to complex. To overcome these problem people would attempt to view Hawthorne as a riddler and wry joke who always challenged himself and all authorities. Hawthorne published several diminutive stories in various publications which he collected in 1873 as Twice-Told Tales. The 1900’s American author Nathaniel Hawthorne’s writings we re influenced by his guilt because of his non-repentant grandfathers’ involvement in the Salem witch trials. Hawthorne boarded with a poet named Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Street in Beacon Hill Boston. After his strategic move to join with this poet he started to get into the flow of producing good books people wanted to read. When readers started to understand Hawthorne’s use of Dante, Spencer, and the Bible this helped them to better understand Hawthornes’ imagination. Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody in 1836Show MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne and His Religious Connotations in His Works813 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne and His Religious Connotations in His Works Nathaniel Hawthorne is noted for his religious connotations in his works. Young Goodman Brown, The Ministers Black Veil and The Birthmark is three exemplary stories. His writing technique uses ambiguity in that the reader is opened to many different ways of interpretation. In respect to religious methodology the main characters of these short stories all encounter some sort of revelation. In Young Goodman Brown the main characterRead MoreSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 PagesElements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. Poe and Hawthorne contributedRead MoreEmma Bowles. Honors English 10-3. March 13, 2017. Nathaniel1218 Words   |  5 Pages13, 2017 Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was a well known author of the 1800 century. He was mostly famous for his novel The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne wrote many romance novels as well as short stories. He had many awards and achievements from his works. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a famous romance novelist and short story writer with many works and achievements. Hawthorne’s background was rough at times but at the same time he had lots of support from his family. Nathaniel was bornRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne and His Projected Self in the Scarlett Letter970 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most influential authors during the Romanticism time period. Hawthorne is most commonly known for his novel, The Scarlett Letter. That novel continues to still be read all over. In fact, I just read it for my history class. Not only can the novel be read for an English, but for a history class as well because of the Puritan background. Nathaniel Hawthorne wasn’t just an author that blended in within his era, he stood out. Hawthorne was uniqueRead MoreA Brief Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne856 Words   |  3 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne once said, â€Å"I do not want to be a doctor and live by men’s diseases, nor minister to live by their sins, nor a lawyer and live by men’s quarrels. So, I don’t see that there is anything left for me but to be an author† (Nathaniel). This statement describes Hawthorne’s personality and life in a way that no other quote could. Nathaniel Hawthorne was an Anti-Transcendentalist writer meaning that he had a negative view of all humans. The Anti-Transcendentalist movement was a pessimisticRead MoreEssay on Nathaniel Hawthornes Life in His Works1556 Words   |  7 Pagesinto His Work With most writers, readers can identify what topics they tend to write about, how long their pieces often are, and what personal style these authors develop. While this is true of author Nathaniel Hawthorne, there are different elements that influence his writings. His life included many times of trials, many joys, and many ancestors that caused some turmoil within his mind. Two of his major works are influenced almost directly by his background (Werlock). Nathaniel HawthorneRead MoreBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne 1123 Words   |  5 Pagesmysterious Nathaniel Hawthorne is a man of little understanding. We know him for being very secluded and alone much of the time. We also know he had many secrets that may have accounted for the gloomy tone in his novels. He was a writer who did not believe in the game of small talk and enjoyed losing himself to a world of this own creation. Many people might have thought that Hawthorne came off as rude and uninteresting, but they had no ide a of the masterpieces that laid inside his head. The work of NathanielRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne: An Author that Influenced and Reshaped our Literature1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing modified. American literature is no exception. Many great writers have influenced and reshaped our literature, and Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of them. He faced his problems and moved on. He was and is one of the most influential American writers, and he is more than a writer. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel and Elizabeth Hawthorne. His original last name was Hathorne, but he added the w when he started writing to avoid confusion with his great-grandfatherRead More Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay examples927 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4,1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. He was the only son and second child to be born to Nathaniel and Elizabeth Hawthorne. When Nathaniel was four years old his father died of yellow fever in Dutch Guiana. After Nathaniel’s father died, his mother’s family took in his family. As a child Hawthorne developed a love for story telling. When Nathaniel was nine years old, he got an injury to his foot that caused him to stay home for fourteen months. While nursing his injuryRead MoreThe Puritan Effect1703 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is respected as â€Å"one of the great masters of American Fiction† (â€Å"Hawthorne, Nathani el† 363). He is an accomplished author who wrote novels as well as children’s literature. However, Hawthorne’s strength is American short story; his â€Å"haunting† tales are undeniably responsible for establishing this genre as a â€Å"significant art form† (â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne† Columbia 1). He is known for his â€Å"penetrating explorations† of the conflicts within one’s conscience and the consequences that

Hamlet Essay - 1538 Words

Hamlet and his Games In the play â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet uses many double meaning phrases to speak his mind to the audience and the other characters in the play. quot;I am but mad north-north-west: when the wind is southerly I know a hawk from a handsawquot; (II.ii.387-8). This is a classic example of the quot;wild and whirling wordsquot; with which Hamlet hopes to persuade people to believe that he is mad. These words, however, prove that beneath his quot;antic disposition,quot; Hamlet is very sane indeed. Beneath his strange choice of imagery involving points of the compass, the weather, and hunting birds, he is announcing that he is calculatedly choosing the times when to appear mad. â€Å"Hamlet feigns†¦show more content†¦Although the response seems crazy since a fish-seller would look completely unlike the expensively dressed lord Polonius, Hamlet is actually criticizing Polonius for his management of Ophelia, since quot;fishmongerquot; is Elizabethan sl ang for quot;pimp.quot; He plays mind-games with Polonius, getting him in crazy talk to agree first that a cloud looks like a camel, then a weasel and finally a whale, and in a very sane aside, he then comments that quot;[t]hey fool me to the top of my bentquot; (III.ii.392). Although he appears to have lost touch with reality, he keeps reminding us that he is not at all quot;far gone, far gonequot; (II.ii.190) as Polonius claims, but is in fact very much in command of himself and the situation. With his rantings and ravings and his seemingly Pg. 3 useless pacing of the lobby, Hamlet manages to appear quite mad. The naà ¯ve and trusting Ophelia believes in and is devastated by what she sees as his downfall: quot; O, what a noble mind is here oerthrown! / . . . The expectancy and rose of the fair state / . . . quite, quite down!quot; (III.i.153,5,6). Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are also fully convinced. They are Hamlets equals in age but are far inferior in intellect and therefore dont understand that he is faking. However, although Hamlet manages to convince these simple friends and Ophelia of his insanity, otherShow MoreRelatedHamlet Madness In Hamlet1293 Words   |  6 Pages When reading Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a class, the first thing that most teachers or professors point out is the argument/idea of sanity, specifically Hamlets sanity. I believe that Hamlet is, in fact, feigning his madness. What I do not know is if I believe this because it is what I was taught or if I came up with the idea myself based on my own interpretation. When I was taught Hamlet there was no argument it was just fact that he was faking his madness. Because of my confusion, I came to findRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlying themes of revenge, incest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides tha t the time for revenge is at hand in an insightful soliloquyRead MoreHamlet787 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet Elements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet The way an artist creates a sculpture is similar to the tactics of a drama writer. While artist focus on the color and shape of their creations, writers of drama focus on specific elements. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot, character, setting, staging, and theme to create a well-rounded story. One of the first elements of drama is plot. Considered to be the foundation, plot is theRead MoreHamlet As The Tragic Hero Of The Play Hamlet 1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to better understand Hamlet one must first asses, and define man. According to webster dictionary a man is a male often having the qualities associated with bravery,script or toughness(site webster dictionary www.define a man.com here). We know the male figure is known to exhibit distinctive male traits such as strength, dignity, courage and be a provider and supporter. As seen in Hamlet one must understand the male figure to better understand Hamlet and why the male behave in such waysRead MoreHamlet Analysis : Hamlet 1149 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish December 7, 2015 Hamlet Analysis Prince Hamlet is a man who enjoys contemplating difficult philosophical questions. When his father the king of Denmark, was killed by his uncle. when Hamlet returns he sees his ghost after he returns home to find evidence of his father’s death. The Ghost of Hamlet tells Prince Hamlet that his uncle Claudius his uncle was the one who killed his father with poison of the ear. Throughout the rest of the story with him, Hamlet seeks to prove his uncle ClaudiusRead More Character of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet is a man of many discoveries. The tragic hero in Shakespeares Hamlet undergoes many changes throughout the play. His mindset is set deep and far away from the physical world that both helps him and hinders him in his plight for revenge against his uncle, Claudius, and his mother. When Hamlet is first introduced in Act I, Scene II, the reader is shown the depths of his sorrow. The King asks Hamlet How is it that the clouds still hangRead MoreHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreOphelia and Hamlet in The Tragedy of Hamlet Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesOphelia and Hamlet In 1600, William Shakespeare composed what is considered the greatest tragedy of all time, Hamlet, the tragedy of the Prince of Denmark. His masterpiece forever redefined what tragedy should be. Critics have analyzed it word for word for nearly four hundred years, with each generation appreciating Hamlet in its own way. While Hamlet conforms, without a doubt, to Aristotles definition of a tragedy, one question still lingers. Did Shakespeare intend for the reader or viewerRead More Hamlet Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesThe Revenge of Prince Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare’s, Hamlet, is a wonderfully written play that has many tangled webs of lies, betrayal, and revenge. The play starts off with the death of Hamlets father, the king. One night Hamlet sees the ghost of his dead father. The ghost speaks to Hamlet and tells him that he was killed by Claudius. Claudius, who is Hamlets uncle, has recently become the new king and as well married Hamlets fathers wife, GertrudeRead More Hamlet Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these words reflect the state of desperation in which Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the King, has died. His mother, the Queen, has remarried within a month of the Kings passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the Kings brother, Hamlets uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlets despair deepens, he learns through the appearance

I Tell My Fate What to Do free essay sample

â€Å"I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul.† When I first stumbled upon this quote by William Ernest Henley, it seemed as if, ironically, some higher power had guided me to it. Regardless of how or from whom it came to me, it did so when I needed it most. The few seconds it took me to read a simple line completely revamped a lifetime’s worth of seemingly unbreakable apathy. The majority of my life had been a tremulous and precarious one. It reflected my family, which was split into fragments, which were then flung to different corners of the earth. However, despite our lack of physical unity, I believed in my mind that our familial bonds were our strongest point, our core. The rest of the unit had different plans in mind. In one night, my haloes of naivety and security had been throttled by clouds of shock and anguish. We will write a custom essay sample on I Tell My Fate What to Do or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus was my mental and emotional plight as I entered high school. As time passed, my emotions simmered to a mixture of constant depression and resentment. The first two years slithered by in an ungodly blur of fleeting, evanescent escapes. It was in my junior year, as I braced myself for another eternity of depression, that my father sent me a Korean novel containing William E. Henley’s quote. I was dumbfounded. How could I have known that I would find solace in a few scraps of paper and ink, when I had so desperately searched in countless complex drugs, pains, and distorted pleasures? Yet it was also different from the other releases. Instead of fading away, the ink burned brighter into the retinas of my heart. â€Å"I am the master of my own fate.† The words struck deep gongs in my soul. And just like that, I shook the strings off my back, picked them up in my hands, and assumed the role of puppeteer. â€Å"I am the captain of my soul.† The words tapped tinkling chimes in my mind. And just like that, I was shouting orders to my seafaring crew, telling them we were headed back home. I resolved to boldly come forward and grapple with the world, instead of letting my situation consume me in bitter lassitude. I had regained my equilibrium. The change was slow but unwavering. I pulled my grades past the dangerous depths of failure, past C level, and up into the lofty regions of A’s and B’s. I remembered that I still had friends, and that they had not abandoned me, but were waiting for me. And cautiously, tentatively, I started to love once more. I was not yet a complete convert, but I wasn’t the former withered husk that happened to have a human shape, either. Henley’s quote came to me during my darkest hour. Though it was but a tiny island of light in the midst of a turbulent sea of despair, it gave me a foothold from which I could see the shore. During those trials of hardship, if I had left nature to its own devices, I would have inevitably slipped and drowned. But nothing gives me more satisfaction than the knowledge that I had taken my life into my hands, and swam to safety.

A Labor of Love free essay sample

The snow has melted and that classic New England humidity has just settled in which means two things: My baseball season is in full swing, and Work Camp is approaching! For the past four summers I have had the pleasure of participating in this weeklong camp. Located in a different community in New England each year, this camp has been a valuable part of my young adult life. For one week, my church youth group and other youth groups from around the country fix and build homes for the needy and elderly. Often rooming in a local school and sleeping on the floors of the classrooms, I get to know my fellow Christians quite well. With a name like Work Camp, it doesn’t sound like the most attractive way to spend a week in the vacation season. So whenever I ask my friends to join me each year I am bombarded with the same questions: â€Å"Why would I want to pay $300 to go and work for a week in the hot sun?† and â€Å"Who wants to sleep on the floor and use gym showers?!† All that I can promise them is that it will be one of the most amazing experiences of their life. We will write a custom essay sample on A Labor of Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eventually they end up trusting me, and I drag them along. Each year over 250 high school students get split up into crews of five lead by an adult. For the purpose of meeting new people each crew is made up of students who have never met. A typical day during the week consists of working on the site from 8AM to 4PM breaking for devotions and lunch. Then after the work day, all the crews come back and shower to get ready for the evening speaker and music. This past summer had a significant impact on my life. I was fortunate enough to have Mike in my crew. Mike was from Mount Vernon, Illinois and he persisted in saying â€Å"ruff† for â€Å"roof† and â€Å"pin† instead of â€Å"pen.† My crew faced a project that was strenuous both physically and spiritually. We would often be the last crew returning to the school. Our resident, John, confined to a wheelchair, needed a new roof for his mobile home. John was a cantankerous old man who didn’t want to deal with church or God. He just wanted his roof done. Towards the beginning of the week, John would just come out and check on our progress. We would try to engage him in conversation because it was most importantly our job to show John the glory of God. Replying with one-word answers, John would just try to go back inside. Over the course of the week, John started to open up to us. Each day Mike and I would go inside and invite John to join us with our devotions. On the last two days of the camp he came out to meet and interact with us during this time. We brought smiles and happiness to his trying life. It was like night and day from the beginning to the end of the week with John. On the last day when we were about to leave, John was so overjoyed with what we had done in his life he was brought to tears. He said anyone would be lucky to have kids like us and that our love for the Lord opened his eyes to something worth living for. The evident spiritual growth expressed through John brought so much joy into my life as well. I knew that I played a substantial part in saving this man’s life. Meeting and helping John was better than any gift I have ever received and it truly showed me my purpose in life. John changed my outlook on life and as a result I have become a hardworking and driven individual. I will never forget John and his impact on my life.

Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essays

Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essays Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essay Global Marketing Communication Decisions Essay Sales promotion is any paid, short-term communication program that adds tangible value to a product or brand. Consumer sales promotions are targeted at ultimate consumers; trade sales promotions are used in business-to-business marketing. Sampling gives prospective customers a chance to try a product or service at no cost. A coupon is a certificate that entitles the bearer to a price reduction or other value-enhancing consideration when purchasing a product or service. Personal selling is face-to-face communication between a prospective buyer and a company representative. The Strategic/Consultative Selling Model that is widely used in the United States is also being utilized worldwide. The models five strategic steps call for developing a personal selling philosophy, a relationship strategy, a product strategy, a customer strategy, and a presentation strategy. The six steps in the presentation plan are: approach; presentation; demonstration; negotiation; close; and servicing the sale. Successful global selling may require adaptation of one or more steps in the presentation plan. An additional consideration in global selling is the composition of the sales force, which may include expatriates, host country natives, or sales agents. Several others forms of communication can be used in global marketing. These include direct marketing, a measurable system that uses one or more media to start or complete a sale. One-to-one marketing is an updated approach to direct marketing that calls for treating each customer in a distinct way based on his or her previous purchase history or past interactions with the company. : Direct mail, catalogs, infomercials, and teleshopping are some of the direct marketing tools that have been successfully used on a global basis. Global marketers frequently try to place their products in blockbuster movies that will reach global audiences. Sponsorships and product placement are also becoming vital communication tools that can be used on a global basis. OVERVIEW In 2005, China’s Lenovo Group acquired IBM’s personal computer business for $1. 25 billion. The acquisition vaulted China’s top computer company into third place among the world’s PC marketers, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard. The crown jewel in the acquisition was the popular ThinkPad, a laptop that features an exceptionally well-designed keyboard. Chief executive Amelio and his marketing team decided to use the Olympics as a vehicle for building awareness about the corporate name and its products. Lenovo paid more than $60 million to become China’s first Olympic sponsor. Lenovo is also the computer provider for the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. Sales promotion, direct marketing, and specialized forms of marketing communication such as infomercials and the Internet are also growing in importance. Of course, personal selling remains an important promotional tool as well. Taken together, the marketing mix elements discussed in this chapter and Chapter 13 can be used to create highly effective integrated promotional campaigns that support global brands. SALES PROMOTION What is sales promotion? Sales promotion refers to any paid consumer or trade communication program of limited duration that adds tangible value to a product or brand. In a price promotion, tangible value may take the form of a price reduction, coupon, or mail-in refund. Nonprice promotions may take the form of free samples, premiums, buy one, get one free offers, sweepstakes, and contests. Consumer sales promotions may be designed to make consumers aware of a new product, to stimulate nonusers to sample an existing product, or to increase overall consumer demand. Trade sales promotions are designed to increase product availability in distribution channels. At many companies, expenditures for sales promotion activities have surpassed expenditures for media advertising. What are some of the advantages of using sales promotions? The increasing popularity of sales promotion as a marketing communication tool can be explained in terms of several strengths and advantages: Sales promotions provide a tangible incentive to buyers. Sales promotions reduce the perceived risk buyers may associate with purchasing. Sales promotion provides accountability; the manager in charge of the promotion can immediately track the results of the promotion. As with other aspects of marketing communication, a key issue is whether promotion efforts should be directed by headquarters or left to local country managers. Four factors have been identified that contribute to more headquarters involvement in the sales promotion effort: cost, complexity, global branding, and transnational trade: 1. As sales promotions command ever-larger budget allocations, headquarters naturally takes a greater interest. 2. The formulation, implementation, and follow-up of a promotion program may require skills that local managers lack. 3. The increasing importance of global brands justifies headquarters involvement to maintain consistency from country to country and ensure that successful local promotion programs are leveraged in other markets. 4. As mergers and acquisitions lead to increased concentration in the retail industry and as the industry globalizes, retailers will seek coordinated promotional programs from their suppliers. Local managers in the market know the specific local situation. A number of factors must be taken into account when determining the extent to which the promotion must be localized: In countries with low levels of economic development, low incomes limit the range of promotional tools available. Market maturity can be different from country to country. Local perceptions of a particular promotional tool or program can vary. Local regulations may rule out use of a particular promotion in certain countries. Trade structure in the retailing industry can affect the use of sales promotions. Sampling Sampling is a sales promotion technique that provides potential customers with the opportunity to try a product or service at no cost. Disadvantages associated with sampling: cost of sampling and difficulti es in assessing the contribution a sampling program makes. Many companies utilize event marketing and sponsorships to distribute samples at concerts, sports events, or special events. Compared with other forms of marketing communication, sampling is more likely to result in actual trial of the product. Couponing A coupon is a printed certificate that entitles the bearer to a price reduction or some other special consideration for purchasing a particular product or service. Nearly 90 percent of all coupons are distributed in a printed ride-along vehicle known as a free-standing insert (FSI). Sunday papers carry the vast majority of FSIs. On-pack coupons are attached to, or part of, the product package; they can frequently be redeemed immediately at check out. In-pack coupons are placed inside the package. Cross coupons are distributed with one product but redeemable for a different product. For example, a toothpaste coupon might be distributed with a toothbrush. Sales Promotion: Issues and Problems In the case of coupons, retailers must bundle the redeemed coupons together and ship them to a processing point. Many times, coupons are not validated at the point of purchase; fraudulent redemption costs marketers hundreds of millions of dollars each year. In some emerging markets, sales promotion efforts can raise eyebrows if companies appear to be exploiting regulatory loopholes and lack of consumer esistance to intrusion. Sales promotion in Europe is highly regulated. PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is person-to-person communication between a company representative and a prospective buyer. The sellers communication effort is focused on informing and persuading the prospect, with the short-term goal of making a sale and with a longer-term goal of building a relationship with that buyer . Because selling provides a two-way communication channel, it is especially important in marketing industrial products that may be expensive and technologically complex. It is difficult to overstate the importance of a face-to-face, personal selling effort for industrial products in global markets. Personal selling is a popular marketing communication tool in countries with various restrictions on advertising. Personal selling is used frequently in countries where low wage rates allow large local sales forces to be hired. The challenge to companies that wish to pursue low-cost personal selling overseas is to establish and maintain acceptable quality among members of the sales team. The old saying, You get what you pay for has come to haunt more than one company that has undertaken global expansion. The issue is whether the country team should consist of in-country nationals or expatriates (also known as expats); that is, employees who are sent from their home countries to work abroad. Environmental issues and challenges that may have an impact include: Political risks. Unstable or corrupt governments can completely change the rules for the sales team. Regulatory hurdles. Governments sometimes set up quota systems or impose tariffs that affect entering foreign sales forces. Currency fluctuations. There have been many instances where a companys sales effort has been derailed not by ineffectiveness or lack of market opportunity, but by fluctuating currency values. Market unknowns. When a company enters a new region of the world, its selling strategy may unravel because of a lack of knowledge of market conditions, the accepted way of doing business, or the posit ioning of its in-country competitors. The Strategic/Consultative Selling Model First, a sales representative must develop a personal selling philosophy. This requires a commitment to the marketing concept and a willingness to adopt the role of problem solver or partner in helping customers. The second step is to develop a relationship strategy, which is a game plan for establishing and maintaining high-quality relationships with prospects and customers. This step connects sales personnel directly to the concept of relationship marketing, an approach that stresses the importance of developing long-term partnerships with customers. The third step is the development of a product strategy. This results in a plan that can assist the sales representative in selecting and positioning products that will satisfy customer needs. Next is the customer strategy, a plan that ensures that the sales professional will be maximally responsive to customer needs. The customer strategy step also includes building a prospect base, consisting of current customers as well as potential customers (or leads). A qualified lead is someone whose probability of wanting to buy the product is high. The final step, the actual face-to-face selling situation, requires a presentation strategy. The presentation plan that is at the heart of the presentation strategy is divided into six stages: approach, presentation, demonstration, negotiation, closing, and servicing the sale. Below are the six stages: The first step, approach, is the sales representatives initial contact with the customer or prospect. In the presentation step, the prospects needs are assessed and matched to the companys products. Next is the sales demonstration, during which the salesperson has the opportunity to tailor the communication effort to the customer and alternately tell and show how the product can meet the customers needs. During the presentation, the prospect may express concerns or objections about the product itself, the price, or some other aspect of the sale. Dealing with objections in an international setting is a learned art. A common theme in sales training is the concept of active listening; in global sales, verbal and nonverbal communication barriers of the type discussed in Chapter 4 present special challenges. Negotiation is required to ensure that both the customer and the salesperson come away from the presentation as winners. Having completed the negotiation step, the sales representative is able to move on to the close and thus asks for the order. The final step is the servicing the sale. A successful sale does not end when the order is written. Sales Force Nationality The composition of the sales force in terms of nationality includes expatriate salespersons, host country nationals, or third- sales personnel. The staffing decision is contingent on several factors, including managements orientation, the technological sophistication of the product, and the stage of economic development exhibited by the target country. A company with an ethnocentric orientation prefers expatriates and adopts a standardized approach. (See Table 14-3) [pic] Polycentric companies selling in developed countries use expatriates for hi-tech products; a host-country sales force is used for low-tech products. In less developed countries, host-country nationals should be used for hi- products and local agents for low-tech products. Wide diversity of sales force nationality is found in regiocentric companies. Except for high-tech products in developed countries, third-country nationals are used in all situations. There are advantages and disadvantages of each nationality type: Advantages: Expatriates possess a high level of product knowledge, a demonstrated commitment to service standards, training for promotion, and greater headquarters control. Disadvantages: Expatriates are very expensive, turnover is high, language and cross-cultural training are costly. An alternative is to build a sales force with host-country personnel: Advantages: economical, superior market knowledge, language skills, and superior knowledge of local culture, and implementation is quicker. Disadvantages: needs product training, may be held in low esteem, language skills may not be important, and it is difficult to ensure loyalty. A third option is to hire third country nationals. Advantages: cultural sensitivity, language skills, economical, allows regional sales coverage. Disadvantages: identity problems, blocked for promotions, income gaps, needs product and/or company training, loyalty not assured. Companies a ttempt to establish a hybrid sales force comprised of a balanced mix of expatriates and in-country nationals. The operative word is balanced, as there remains the potential for conflict between the two groups. This is the most expensive proposition since relocation of expats and extensive training of in-country nationals is required. But short term costs are deemed necessary to do business and conduct personal selling overseas. A fourth option is to use sales agents who work under contract. It makes sense to set up one or more agents to gain entry to a selected country or region. In a remote area where there is a lack of revenue, agents are retained on a permanent level (e. g. U. S. , Asian and European companies with an Africa- sales presence use agents). Agents are much less expensive than full-time employees and understand the market. If success is achieved, agents can be replaced by employee-based teams; if the market is not financially viable, it is less costly to withdraw from an agent-oriented territory. The challenge of control is greater since agents have other sources of income. A company that employs sales agents has to determine what to provide in terms of product and strategic training because a competitor may lure agents away. Companies need a monitoring system within agent territories. Other international personal selling approaches: Exclusive license arrangements: a firm pays commissions to an in-country company’s sales force to conduct personal selling. Management-only agreements: a corporation manages a foreign sales force in a mode similar to franchising. Joint ventures: Since many countries place restrictions on foreign ownership, partnerships allow a company to obtain a personal sales capability and a customer base. SPECIAL FORMS OF MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS: DIRECT MARKETING, SUPPORT MEDIA, EVENT SPONSORSHIP, AND PRODUCT PLACEMENT Direct marketing is any communication with a consumer or business recipient that is designed to generate a response in the form of an order, a request for further information, and/or a visit to a store or other place of business. Companies use direct mail, telemarketing, television, print, and other media to generate responses and build databases filled with purchase histories and other information about customers. By contrast, mass marketing communications are typically aimed at broad segments of consumers. One-to-one marketing calls for treating different customers differently based on their previous purchase history or past interactions with the company. Define the four steps in one-to-one marketing. Peppers and Rogers describe the four steps in one-to-one marketing as follows: 1. Identify customers and accumulate detailed information about them. 2. Differentiate customers and rank them in terms of their value to the company. 3. Interact with customers to develop more cost efficient forms of interaction 4. Customize the product or service offered to the customer. Rainer Hengst of Deutsche Post offers the following guidelines for U. S. -based direct marketers that wish to go global: The world is full of people who are not Americans. Treat them differently. Like politics, all marketing is local. Although there may be a EU, but there is no such thing as a European. Pick your target, focus on one country, and do your homework. Customers need to be able to return products locally. Direct Mail Direct mail uses the postal service as a vehicle for delivering a personally addressed offer to a prospect targeted by the marketer. Direct mail is popular with banks, insurance companies, and other financial services providers. The United States is home to a well-developed mailing list industry. The availability of good lists and the sheer size of the market are important factors in explaining why Americans receive more direct mail than anyone else. Compared with the United States, list availability in Europe and Japan is much more limited. Catalogs A catalog is a magazine-style publication that features photographs, illustrations, and extensive information about a company’s products. Catalogs have a long and illustrious history as a direct marketing tool in both Europe and the United States. U. S. -based catalog marketers include JC Penney, Lands End, L. L. Bean, The Sharper Image, and Victorias Secret. Historically, catalogers in the United States benefited from the ability to ship goods from one coast to the other, crossing multiple state boundaries with relatively few regulatory hurdles. Prior to the advent of the single market, catalog sales in Europe were hindered by the fact that mail order products passing through customs at national borders were subject to value-added taxes (VAT). Today, the single market means that mail order goods can move freely throughout the EU without incurring VAT charges. Since January 1993, VAT exemptions have been extended to goods bound to the European Free Trade Area countries (Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein). In Japan, the domestic catalog industry is well developed. Infomercials, Teleshopping, and Interactive Television An infomercial is a form of paid television programming in which a particular product is demonstrated, explained, and offered for sale to viewers who call a toll-free number shown on the screen. With teleshopping, home-shopping channels such as QVC and the Home Shopping Network (HSN) take the infomercial concept one step further; the round-the-clock programming is exclusively dedicated to product demonstration and selling. Industry observers expect the popularity of home shopping will increase during the next few years as interactive television (ITV or t-commerce) technology is introduced into more households. ITV allows television viewers to interact with the programming content that they are viewing. Support Media Support media include transit and billboard advertising. In most parts of the world, outdoor advertising is growing at a faster rate than the overall advertising market. As countries add mass transportation systems and build and improve their highway infrastructures, advertisers are utilizing more indoor and outdoor posters and billboards to reach the buying public. Sponsorship Sponsorship is an increasingly popular form of marketing communications whereby a company pays a fee to have its name associated with a particular event, team or athletic association, or sports facility. Sponsorship combines elements of public relations and sales promotion. Sponsorship can be used in countries where regulations limit the extent to which a company can use advertising or other forms of marketing communication. Product Placement: Motion Pictures, Television Shows, and Public Figures Why has product placement become such a big deal in motion pictures and television shows? Product placement is the arranging for a company’s products and brand names to appear in popular television programs, movies, and other types of performances. Marketers can also lend or donate products to celebrities or other public figures; the products get publicity when the celebrity appears in public using the product. For the premiere of Superman Returns in 2006, Atkinson arranged for 35 Audis to chauffer Kevin Spacey and other stars to the event. In the case of television placement, the blurring of advertising and programming content comes as companies increasingly question the effectiveness of traditional advertising. Sometimes called branded entertainment, the effective integration of products and brands with entertainment can be seen on the monster TV hit â€Å"American Idol. †

Comparative Study of Two Indian or Two Chinese Religions Essay

Comparative Study of Two Indian or Two Chinese Religions - Essay Example Hinduism supporters comprise of about fourteen percent while Buddhism followers total to six percent of the global population (Underwood, p 1). Therefore, Buddhism is a derivative of Hinduism. In reality, Buddhism started in order to criticize the offensive fundamentals of the Hindu civilization, taking in the cruelty, in the caste routine (Samad). This essay will analyze the spiritual as well as cultural similarities and dissimilarities involving Hinduism along with Buddhism. Buddhism and Hinduism are dominant beliefs in the world, and they started in ancient India. In that case, they have an assortment of similarities in their beliefs. First, the two religions are alike in the way they both developed in the subcontinent of India. Secondly, they equally believe that there are lower and higher worlds and that there exists divinities on diverse planes. In addition, both religions highlight the deceptive natural world and function of karma in the birth and death phases. The term karma means the sum of all of person’s actions. Further, Buddhism and Hinduism recognize the function of desire in the suffering of a human being. While Buddha supposed that avoiding desire would stop suffering, Hindu believed that desirable actions leads to suffering and that acting without focus reduces the anguish. Next, there is accentuating on compassion as well as peacefulness towards living creatures in both Buddhism and Hinduism. In addition, the two religions have faith that a refutation of the world’s life is a qualification for the religious life. Besides, they both possess their version of practice and rites, which assist in the achievement of internal peace. Next, Buddhism as well as Hinduism trusts in the worthiness of particular spiritual performances comprising mediation and profound concentration (Underwood, p 7-8). Likewise, they both are strict lacto-vegetarians. This is because; Hindus believe that life is holy, while Buddhists consider it not right to ta ke away a life. In addition, they all believe in Dharma, which signifies sacred duty. Lastly, both religions have an objective to attain. Their aim is to flee from the continuous reincarnation cycle (Social Studies School Service, 136). Hinduism varies from Buddhism in various ways. Firstly, Hinduism has no principal figure, while Buddhism is on the foundation of the holy text, the ‘Tripitaka’, a compilation of teachings from a male named Buddha. Therefore, Buddha initiated Buddhism, while there was no founder of Hinduism. Hinduism develops on the caste system, which is a routine formed by the Aryans, and states that individuals should do the work they were born to do. These jobs are such as merchants, farmers, soldiers and many others. Whereas, if someone’s father happens to be a farmer, so they are. On the contrary, Buddhists did not commit on the caste way since they believed in equality to all persons. They believe that every person must work hard to reduce t he life’s stress (Social Studies School Service, 135). Hindus have faith in the supremacy along with efficacy of the Vedas, while Buddhists do not obey the Vedas or any scripture of Hinduism. Hinduism trust in one supreme God; the ‘Brahman’, plus various minor gods like the Shiva, Vishnu, and individual’s soul. On the contrary, Buddhists do not admit their belief in any supreme God or souls. However, they believe that persons are accountable for their actions (Social Studies School Service, 136; Underwood, p 8). Further, Buddhists are arranged into a monastic order, while Hindus do not contain a formal and regular system of arrangement. Buddhists regard stopping human anguish as their main objective in life. On the other hand,

The Democratic Republic of Congo Research Paper

The Democratic Republic of Congo - Research Paper Example This paper is a critical evaluation of the country’s history, specifically, of the armed conflict which occurred between 1998 and 2003, as well as of the two most recent general elections that have been conducted in the country. The Second Congo War (1998-2003) The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a country which has had a share of civil conflicts, most importantly, the Second Congo War. This is a war that started in August 1998 and ended in 2003, and at which more than 5 million people lost their lives (Prunier, 2008). It is believed that a significant number of these victims died as a result of hunger and malnutrition as well as of diseases such as malaria and diarrhea among others. Some sources term this war as the African World War based on the fact that the fighting was not exclusively among the Congo people. It may be important to state that other countries such as Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Angola, Sudan, Chad and Namibia were actively involved in this conflict, hen ce the reason why some refer it to as the African World War in comparison to WW1 and WW2 whereby different countries formed coalitions to support each other (Prunier, 2008). The root causes of this war were largely based on the events of the first Congo war (Turner, 2007). Zaire, as the country was previously called, was under the authoritarian rule of Mobutu Seseseko for the period between 1965 and 1997, and this had motivated the formation of rebel groups with the intent of overthrowing Mobutu. During this period, too, Rwanda, a neighboring country, experienced a genocide which resulted in the fleeing of members of the Hutu community into the then Zaire, who resided in refugee camps. These people were the prime targets of violence orchestrated by the Tutsis and after fleeing into Zaire, they formed rebel groups, especially Interahamwe, which continued to level attacks on Tutsis in Rwanda. Later, the Zairian forces joined hands with these militia groups to attack Tutsis in Zaire, a nd this compelled the Rwandan government to provide military aid to the antigovernment forces in Zaire in order to remove Mobutu from power, after which someone friendly to them would be installed as president so as to be able to crush the rebel groups (Prunier, 2008). This person happened to be Laurent Kabila, who had been in the forefront for a long time in the fight to remove Mobutu from power. On the other hand, Uganda was interested in the vast resources present in the country and therefore, they also wanted Mobutu to be out of the picture and to achieve this, they joined rebel forces and other politicians in a military campaign to overthrow the then government whose popularity, in the region, was dwindling day after day (Clark, 2002). In May 1997, Mobutu lost the battle and fled the country, after which Laurent Kabila declared himself as president and changed the country’s name from Zaire to DRC. However, after the successful removal of Mobutu from power, the Rwandan an d Ugandan forces remained in the country, which made it difficult for Kabila to exercise authority as president. This was made worse by the fact that Kabila’s government was full of Tutsis, whom he had appointed to senior positions such as the chief of staff, his personal secretary, and minister for foreign affairs among others. Due to internal pressure and his suspicion that the Rwandan gover

Services for Community Healthcare

Services for Community Healthcare Introduction (2000-3000) Essential services Community pharmacies provide various services to their customers every day. These services include essential services such as dispensing medicines, dispensing appliances, repeat dispensing, clinical governance, signposting, promotion of healthy lifestyle, disposal of unwanted medicines and support for self-care. These services are delivered by all pharmacies as part of the NHS pharmacy contract.[1] Advanced services There are four advanced services that can be delivered by the community pharmacies if they meet the criteria set up in the contract. These services include Medicines Use Reviews (MUR), New Medicines Service (NMS), Appliance Use Reviews (AUR) and Stoma Appliance Customisation (SAC).[2] Most customers visit pharmacies in order to receive essential services. Customer’s perspectives on community pharmacies can be based around other factors as well as the quality of service they received from their pharmacist. Therefore customer’s perception of community pharmacies is of extreme importance as they deliver various services to patients on daily basis. Each pharmacist has a duty of care to their patients. Pharmacists are easily accessible and highly trusted in the communities. Their responsibilities include dispensing medicines as well as providing pharmaceutical care. They can increase patient’s participation in their own care by educating them about their disease, explaining the importance of adherence and increasing awareness of the most common side effects.[3] They can counsel patients about drugs such as appropriate drug usage, administration, dosage, side effects, storage and drug–drug and drug–food interactions.[4] Pharmaceutical Care Pharmaceutical care is described as the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definitive outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.[5] Later a new definition emerged in which pharmaceutical care was described as â€Å"A practice in which the practitioner takes responsibility for the patients’ drug related needs and is held accountable for this commitment†[6] Many people are prescribed multiple and long term medication. Pharmaceutical care includes collecting information, assessing information, setting appropriate objectives, selecting appropriate therapy and monitoring the effectiveness of therapy and educating patients on medicine use. All steps need the involvement of patient from collecting information to the selection of therapy and implementing that therapy for the benefit of the patient. Today’s pharmacist needs to make patients the centre of their attention. Pharmacists can maximise the therapeutic benefit to the patient by using a multidisciplinary approach such as consultation with other healthcare professionals and the patients themselves. Pharmacists can play a fundamental role in the overall patient experience as they are a critical source of drug knowledge in community, hospitals and industry. Different roles are played by the pharmacists throughout the world such as some prepare and supply medicines whilst others share their expertise and knowledge with healthcare professionals and patients and work in medicines information teams.[7] Social change through health promotion campaigns, media and internet has led to increased risk awareness amongst the public and therefore there is an increase in demand for their questions to be answered and their issues to be taken up by healthcare professionals. Pharmacists are at the forefront of this interaction and they must lead as a model to others and develop confidence amongst their patients by appropriately dealing with their concerns. They can do this by keeping themselves up to date with the latest developments in the pharmaceutical industry. The media plays a key role in influencing public opinion regarding the quality of treatment and the variety of different drugs used to treat disease. Pharmacists should ensure that they are fully aware of such topics and can thoroughly answer any issues raised in their pharmacy. A good example of this is the advice that the pharmacists can offer to their patients in regards to their smoking habits. They can play a proactive role in identifying the fact that they smoke and then tailoring them to the appropriate smoking cessation schemes. This will improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, instilling confidence in the patient with the fact that pharmacist is an effective point of call. In recent years, provision of pharmacy services has shifted more towards pharmaceutical care along with medicine supply.[8] Although some personal and social barriers exist in pharmacist-patient communication[9] but the involvement of patients in their own care is helping to eliminate these barriers.[10] The quality of pharmaceutical care depends on the ability of the pharmacist. An outcome of the therapy can be improved if regular interactions are maintained between the pharmacist and the patient.[11] Many studies have shown that patients feel they benefit more if they maintain a regular contact with the pharmacist and they consider pharmacist to be an important source of information for medicines and minor ailments.[12][13][14] The World Health Organisation (WHO) has made a valuable contribution to the recognition of the importance of a pharmacist’s role worldwide, especially in quality assurance and the safe and effective administration of drugs.[15] WHO along with International Pharmaceutical Federation proposed a seven star pharmacist concept, which requires future pharmacists to possess specific knowledge, attitude, skills and behaviour.[16] In addition WHO recommends 1 pharmacist per 2000 population to ensure optimum benefit to the society from efficient provision of pharmaceutical services. Each pharmacist should be held accountable for the cost, quality and results of pharmaceutical care provided to the patients. Also they should be involved in decisions about health policies.[17] Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) Pharmacists can play a vital role in healthcare by preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by overdosing, medication errors and non-adherence. ADRs include any undesirable outcome that can be attributed to the action of a drug. ADRs can cause various problems such as: the driving of further complications in existing disease, delaying the cure of a disease, mimicking other disease states. As a consequence this result in ineffective treatment as the drug induced problem goes unrecognised. Thus, causing patients to lose confidence in their pharmacist and the overall quality of their treatment. This demonstrates that ADRs are a driving force behind additional problems e.g 6.5% of hospital admissions are due to drug therapy problems.[18] 10% of patients admitted to acute hospitals experienced an adverse drug reaction. Half of these were considered preventable.[19] 14.7% of hospital in-patients are as a consequence of ADRs. ADRs are also a significant cause of morbidity thus increasing the length of stay of patients by an average of 0.25 days/patient per admission episode. The drugs most frequently associated with ADRs are diuretics, opioid analgesics, anticoagulants and NSAID’s.[20] These four drug groups account for 50% of all drug related admissions. As an example ADRs caused by NSAID’s account for 12,000 bleeding ulcers/year leading to 2,000 deaths/year.[21] Pharmacist’s Significance One of the very important aspects of this profession involves every professional working to their full potential to provide the best possible care and service to their customers. However, if a pharmacist does not provide the optimum attention and care to their patients then it can bring down the reputation and the effectiveness of the profession. Pharmacists are of utmost importance in ensuring that their attitude towards this side of the practice is as critical as ensuring the clinical and legal correctness of a prescription. This can not only correct the mistakes made while dispensing but ensure a significant benefit to the patient’s health from the therapy utilised to benefit the patient. A lack of consideration towards this aspect of the practice is harmful to the patient and the NHS as it will prolong the time required to manage and cure the conditions under treatment. Quality of services delivered by community pharmacies is mostly assessed by patient’s opinion and customer satisfaction surveys which are carried out as an integral component of the essential services through clinical governance.[22] The responsibility of ensuring the safe and effective use of medicines lies with the pharmacists whether it is community or hospital pharmacy. Pharmacists can fulfil this responsibility by counselling patients about their conditions and medications.[23] Precise role of the community pharmacist is defined by General Pharmaceutical Counsel (GPHC) and other professional pharmaceutical associations.[24] Public Perception of Community Pharmacist Public view of pharmacists is not that of healthcare advisors thus limiting pharmacist’s role and restricting them in providing beneficial services to the public. There is a need to educate public about the role a pharmacist could play in providing advice and guidance in minor ailments and pharmacists being the first line of approach when faced with a health related issue. Consumers who approach pharmacists are those who have previous experience of receiving help from pharmacists to treat minor ailments. Even then they don’t use pharmacists as first point of contact they normally tend to research and self-diagnose before seeking help from a healthcare professional such as a pharmacist. Thus this limits the role a pharmacist could play in giving advice and helping customers.[25] Patient-pharmacist interaction is an essential tool to discovering better strategies and methods that could be employed in everyday practice to make the service better and more useful. This can be done by asking for opinions from the patients about the services that they have received while attending a pharmacy. These can be used to evaluate the need for a new intervention and improve the quality of current services.[26] Also these observations can form a guideline when implementing improved strategies and referred to when measuring an improvement in the quality of service.[27] Customer Satisfaction Satisfaction has been defined as â€Å"the health care recipient’s reaction to salient aspects of his or her service experience† by Cleary and McNeil.[28] A study has defined customer satisfaction as an emotional response which relates to expectations and develops after consumption experience.[29] Throughout the world many studies have been conducted in to the role of the pharmacist and patient satisfaction from the community pharmacies. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] A study in Qatar reported that public does not understand the role of community pharmacists as healthcare provider. [41] However, people in Maltese and Portuguese understand community pharmacist’s roles as a healthcare provider. [42] Public in Saudi Arabia appreciated pharmacists role and did approach them for advice. [43] Most Australians feel that pharmacist do not explain medication use properly. [44] Japanese customers would like direct communication with pharmacist and convenient opening hours. [45] A study in Canada reported high levels of customer satisfaction from the services provided by community pharmacies.[46] Hargie et al conducted a study in UK in 1992 to measure consumer perceptions and attitudes to community pharmacy services. They found that 32% of people considered pharmacists as business orientated, 26% considered pharmacists as health orientated and 42% considered them as both health and business. [47] Community pharmacies were highly rated in US by the pub lic in a survey in 1997. [48] A study by Larson et al. (2002) into patient satisfaction found that customers were more satisfied with the friendly approach by the staff than the pharmaceutical care by the pharmacists. [49] Another study by Cerulli (2002) reported that customers had a positive impression of community pharmacists and a foundation of customer-pharmacist relationship had been established. [50] The US national pharmacy consumer survey in 2002 reported high satisfaction with pharmacy services. [51] Most reports suggest that customers are satisfied with the pharmacist as drug experts and the services provided by community pharmacies. However some aspects can be improved such as the privacy, confidentiality and unequal treatment of customers.[52] This study can provide important information about patient’s perception of community pharmacies and the changes required to improve quality of performance. [1] http://psnc.org.uk/services-commissioning/essential-services/ [2] http://psnc.org.uk/services-commissioning/essential-services/ [3] Bluml BM. Definition of medication therapy management: development of professionwide consensus. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2005;45:566–572 [4] Hà ¤mmerlein A., Griese N., Schulz M. Survey of drug-related problems identified by community pharmacies. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(11):1825–1832. [PubMed] [5] Hepler C.D., Strand L.M.: Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 47, 533 (1990). [6] Strand L.M.: J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 37, 474, (1997) [7]Gilbert L.: Curr. Sociol.49, 97 (2001). [8]. Kotecki J.E.: J. Commun. Health, 27, 291 (2002). Worley M.M. Schommer J.C., Brown L.M., Hadsall R.S., Ranelli P.L., Stratton T.P., Uden D.L.: Res. Social Adm. Pharm. 3, 47 (2007). [9]Paluck E.C., Green LW, Frankish CJ, Fielding DW, Haverkamp B: Eval. Health Prof. 26, 380 (2003). [10]Tio J., LaCaze A., Cottrell N.: Pharm. World Sci. 29, 73 (2007) [11]Nau D.P., Ried L.D., Lipowski E.E., Kimberlin C., Pendergast J., Spivey-Miller S.: J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 40, 36 (2000). [12]Tio J., LaCaze A., Cottrell N.: Pharm. World Sci. 29, 73 (2007). [13] [14]. Nau D.P., Ried L.D., Lipowski E.E., Kimberlin C., Pendergast J., Spivey-Miller S.: J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 40, 36 (2000). [15] Dunlop J.A., Shaw J.P.: Pharm. World Sci. 24, 224 (2002). [16]Zammit D.: Pharm. J. 271, 468 (2003). [17]Khan, R.A., Pharmacy education and healthcare.Dawn, Pakistan, June 29 (2007). [18]Pirmohamed et al, British Medical Journal2004; 329: 15-19 [19]Vincent C et al, British Medical Journal2001; 322: 517-519 (http://bmj.bmjjournals.com) [20](Davies EC et al PLoS ONE 2009; 4(2): e4439) [21](Davies EC et al PLoS ONE 2009; 4(2): e4439) [22] Ried LD, Wang F, Young H, Awiphan R. Patients’ satisfaction and their perception of the pharmacist. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1999;39(6):835–842. [PubMed] [23] Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1990;47:533–543. [PubMed] [24] FIP International Pharmaceutical Federation. URL: http://www.fip.org/community_pharmacy . [15 April 2014]. [25] Advice provided in British community pharmacies: what people want and what they get. Hassell K1, Noyce P, Rogers A, Harris J, Wilkinson J. [26] Kucukarslan S.N., Nadkarni A. Evaluating medication-related services in a hospital setting using the disconfirmation of expectations model of satisfaction. Res Social Dam Pharm. 2008;4(1):12–22. [PubMed] [27] Iqbal Z, Jalees AF, Khar Roop Krishen KR, Sushama T. Pharmacist as an Indispensable Part of Health Care System: A Survey, Outcome and Reflections. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 42(1), Jan- Mar, 2008:78–83. [28] Cleary PD, McNeil BJ. Patient satisfaction as an indicator of quality care. Inquiry. 1988;25(1):25-36. [PubMed] [29] Oparah A.C., Kikanme L.C. Consumer satisfaction with community pharmacies in Warri. Nigeria. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2006;2(4):499–511. [PubMed] [30] Wirth F., Tabone F., Azzopardi L.M., Gauci M., Zarb-Adami M., Serracino-Inglott A. Consumer perception of the community pharmacist and community pharmacy services in Malta. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2010;1:189–194. [31] Cavaco A.M., Dias J.P., Bates I.P. Consumers’ perceptions of community pharmacy in Portugal: a qualitative exploratory study. Pharm World Sci. 2005;27(1):54–60. [PubMed] [32] Bawazir S.A. Consumer attitudes towards community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Int J Pharm Pract. 2004;12:83–89. [33] Oritz M, Liden D, Thomas R, Morgan G, Morland R. The impact of professional services on pharmacy patronage: findings of a pharmacy practice foundation survey (Part 6) Aust J Pharm 1987; 68: 207–14. [34] Farris K.B., Stenton S.B., Samnani M., Samycia D. How satisfied are your patients? Can Pharm J. 2000;10:32–36. [35] Kamei M., Teshima K., Fukushima N., Nakamura T. Investigation of patients’ demand for community pharmacies: Relationship between pharmacy services and patient satisfaction. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2001;121(3):215–220. [PubMed] [36] Hargie O., Morrow N., Woodman C. Consumer perceptions of and attitudes to community pharmacy services. Pharm J. 1992;249:988–991. [37] Briesacher B., Corey R. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at independent and chain pharmacies. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997;54:531–536. [PubMed] [38] Larson L.N., Rovers J.P., MacKeigan L.D. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care: Update of a validated instrument. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:44–50. [PubMed] [39] Cerulli J. Patients’ perceptions of independent community pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:279–282. [PubMed] [40] Stergachis A., Maine L.L., Brown L. The 2001 national pharmacy consumer survey. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:568–576. [PubMed] [41] El Hajj M.S., Salem S., Mansoor H. Public’s attitudes towards community pharmacy in Qatar: a pilot study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2011;5:405–422. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [42] Wirth F., Tabone F., Azzopardi L.M., Gauci M., Zarb-Adami M., Serracino-Inglott A. Consumer perception of the community pharmacist and community pharmacy services in Malta. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2010;1:189–194. [43] Bawazir S.A. Consumer attitudes towards community pharmacy services in Saudi Arabia. Int J Pharm Pract. 2004;12:83–89. [44] Oritz M, Liden D, Thomas R, Morgan G, Morland R. The impact of professional services on pharmacy patronage: findings of a pharmacy practice foundation survey (Part 6) Aust J Pharm 1987; 68: 207–14. [45] Farris K.B., Stenton S.B., Samnani M., Samycia D. How satisfied are your patients? Can Pharm J. 2000;10:32–36. [46] Kamei M., Teshima K., Fukushima N., Nakamura T. Investigation of patients’ demand for community pharmacies: Relationship between pharmacy services and patient satisfaction. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2001;121(3):215–220. [PubMed] [47] Hargie O., Morrow N., Woodman C. Consumer perceptions of and attitudes to community pharmacy services. Pharm J. 1992;249:988–991. [48] Briesacher B., Corey R. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at independent and chain pharmacies. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997;54:531–536. [PubMed] [49] Larson L.N., Rovers J.P., MacKeigan L.D. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care: Update of a validated instrument. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:44–50. [PubMed] [50] Cerulli J. Patients’ perceptions of independent community pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:279–282. [PubMed] [51] Stergachis A., Maine L.L., Brown L. The 2001 national pharmacy consumer survey. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2002;42:568–576. [PubMed] [52] The Contribution of Community Pharmacy to Improving the Public’s Health (Anderson, Blenkinsopp Armstrong, Pharmacy Health Link, 2009) http://www.pharmacyhealthlink.org.uk/?q=evidence_base_reports>; [accessed 18.04.14].

Comparision and Contrast between the Rocking Horse Winner and the Road

Comparision and Contrast between the Rocking Horse Winner and the Road not Taken Life's stories shared through the view of two writers. Both stories have many similarities, however, contrast with just as many differences. "The Destructors", written by Graham Green, and "The Rocking Horse Winner" written by D.H. Lawrence. When contrasting these two stories, consider the plot, characters, story line, and each authors approach. Also consider the intent and mood each author sets forth. In the story " The Destructors" the setting is in a London car park called Northwood Terrace, nine years concluding World War II. The plot deals with gang of young boys from the street, whose soul purpose, is to destroy the inside of Mr. Thomas' house without him even knowing it. Mr. Thomas, once a builder and decorator, was better referred to as Old Misery by the Wormsley Gang. He was viewed as a mean old man, and the only time he was usually seen is when he is traveling to and from the market once or twice a week. In the "The Rocking Horse Winner", the plot starts off around Paul, a ...

Advocate general short notes Essay

Today human rights are central to the discourse of International Public Policy and Scholarship. And the mechanisms have evolved dramatically since the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 December 1948. Human Rights do not exist in a vacuum, inevitably, they are formulated by individuals and state and they are implemented by states themselves. However, a number of national, regional and international bodies exercise responsibility for overseeing the monitoring of human rights and ensuring that states comply with obligation. The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly on 9th December, 1946 and after long discussions and debates by the foremost legal luminaries and thinkers of our country the draft Constitution was finally adopted on 26th November, 1949. The framers of the Indian Constitution were influenced by the concept of human rights and guaranteed most of human rights contained in the UDHR. The UDHR contains Civil and Political as well as Economic Social and Cultural rights. While Civil and Political rights has been incorporated in Part III of Indian Constitution i. e. Fundamental Rights, as Economic Social and Cultural rights have been incorporated in Part IV of the Constitution i. e. Directive Principles of States Policy. The inclusion of important provisions of UDHR in the Constitution of India has given them supremacy over all other statutory provisions. The table shows that many of Civil and Political rights enshrined in the UDHR also find mentioned in Part III of Indian Constitution as Fundamental Rights. However, these are certain rights which are contained in the UDHR but have not been expressly mentioned in the Constitution. These rights are; Â · No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (Article5). Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law (Article 6). Â · Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him (Article 10) Â · Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense [Article11. (1)]Â · No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, or to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks (Article 12. ) Â · Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country [Article13. (2)] Â · Everyone has the right to a nationality [Article 15. (1)] Â · Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution [Article 16. (1)] Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives [Article 21. (1)] Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is of widest amplitude and several unremunerated rights fall within it. These rights are: Right to go abroad

Kyoto Protocol Global Climate Change - 1146 Words

Kyoto’s Consequences After growing concern over global climate change, the Kyoto Protocol was proposed in 1997 and ratified in 2005. The protocol was created to address the issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specifically aiming to reduce these emissions globally by giving each country specific goals and percentages of reduction by 2012 relative to 1990 GHG levels1. The need for a global policy stems from the systemic type of environmental problem being dealt with2. Although GHGs are created locally, they affect the world as a whole through their spread in the atmosphere and their contribution to rising average global temperatures. Therefore, their impacts are not local and the entire world needs to come together to limit the rise of†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, developed countries such as Canada and the USA would need to both reduce GHG emissions and provide developing countries with technological and financial resources for sustainable development4. The fear of economic cost related to the reduction of GHG emissions and of falling behind some rapidly developing nations, made many countries reluctant to ratify the protocol. The USA refused to sign the protocol unless developing nations like China also agreed to limit their GHG emissions5. Canada, after having ratified the treaty, later backed out, following in America’s footsteps. The Kyoto protocol does not hold much authority, so in the case of Canada backing out, no real sanctions can be applied7. In order to keep to their promises, countries must face some kind of consequence for refusing to comply with a legally binding contract such as the Kyoto protocol. Another difficulty faced by the treaty is the measuring of GHGs, these come with often high percentages of error due to their sources6. It is therefore difficult to measure emissions accurately and assess whether or not a target has been met. 2. Consequences Legacy The Kyoto protocol produced mixed success overall. Many countries did not meet their targets and even ended up with more emissions than their baseline 1990 levels. Such countries include